In this historical sample, the low-turnover group averaged 1.38 percentage points more per month than the high-turnover group. After accounting for the full listed controls and regrouping on the adjusted score, the gap was about 1.20 points. These are group comparisons. A consistent trading test is still needed to establish after-cost portfolio performance.
What is compared
60-session turnover; positive-PE common sample; monthly gross low-minus-high spread.
Rebuilt portfolios of the smallest stocks show large losses and long waits to recover old highs. Some prices and delisting outcomes are missing, so these historical results do not yet show what a real account could have earned.
What is compared
Reference indices and reconstructed portfolios are separate. Dates below refer to the reconstruction snapshot.
Past cash-flow index results can be studied, but a real stock portfolio that follows those rules has not yet been fully rebuilt and checked. Price-only returns and returns including dividends answer different questions.
What is compared
Reference index history; price and total-return series are shown separately.
The index and ETF charts show different historical market paths. Their dates, fees, and treatment of dividends differ, so the numbers are not directly comparable investment results.
What is compared
Index and ETF histories; each series retains its own dates and dividend convention.
Trading-value comparisons show how much the sampled stocks traded and how complete the data is. They do not yet tell us how large an order could be filled or what trading would cost.
What is compared
Trading-value distributions and cost scenarios; a shared date does not unify market coverage.